T E M
483
TE M
.TAXIS, the same with the ancients that Ordonnance isthe moderns, and described by Vitruvius , as that which• v . es every part of a building its just dimensions, accordinguses,
a TEAZE-TENON, a tenon upon the top of a post, with] a ® u hle shoulder and tenon from each, for supporting two? el pieces of timber at right angles to each other.
-lElNT, (from the French, ) a wash of any colour uponr«per.
0 f TELAMONES, the Roman term for the figures or imagesq teen supporting a cornice or other projection. By thefeeks they were called Atlantid^e, Atlases, and Per-61 ans.
TEMOIN, (from the French, ) in fortification, a pillar, orv end of earth, left by the workmen in digging, to showt i . tnuch lias been removed, and what they are to have forlabour.
pj EMONES, (from the Greek, rt/ivot;,) in ancient tem-the place where the image stood,i Ch/^^ERED, a term applied to such bricks as are easily! ,®pd reduced to a required shape.
’»h
°nour of some deity, whereat the people met for religiousClemens Alexandrinus and Eusebius refer the
!; J^ship. ______
| °f temples to the sepulchres for the dead : Herodotus
!, ^ Strabo will have the Egyptians to have been the first
'err
• 0 r aised temples to the gods: others say, that the portable
or tabernacle, made by Moses in the desert, was theHlj 1 °f the kind, and these hold it to have been the model of]i °thers. The first temple erected in Greece is ascribed tor "calion by Apollonius ; as the first in Italy is said to havei ^ 11 built by Janus, or Faunus . In antiquity, we meet withc 0hfl^ ,' v ^° would not build temples to their gods, for fear ofthem to too narrow bounds. They performed sacri-4 8 ai 'd other religious rites in all places indilferently, fromtlj^^uasion, that the whole world is the temple of God , andfoil le requires no other. This was the doctrine of the Magi,ot| l °' Ve d by the Persians, Scythians , Numidians, and manyi'lj r Rations mentioned by Herodotus, Cicero, and Strabo ,ioj *■ 1 Asians, who worshipped the sun, believed it would beI'iia ° US to *‘* s power to enclose within the walls of a templeH * 1 >° had the whole world for his habitation ; and hence,Xerxes ravaged Greece , the Magi exhorted him to<.°y all the temples he found. The Athenians wouldV| t |. n ° temple to Clemency, who, they said, was to liveHi, 111 the hearts of men, not within stone walls. The Bithy-**in 8n< ^ Germans had no temples, but worshipped on moun-ip an d in woods.
tti ( i 8,11 pies were built and adorned with all possible splendourt^^agnificence ; and this partly out of reverence for theirt l | os e CtlVe deities, and partly to create an awe for them inlimit 'r * 10 came t0 P a y their devotions. The temples were8 j> re a ^ e r that manner which different votaries thought mostJle to their gods ; for instance, the Doric pillars wereAp 0 j, to Jupiter, Mars, and Hercules ; the Ionic to Bacchus,llijj °» ar 'd Diana; and the Corinthian to Vesta: though•itclj are instances of all threebeingusedin the same temples;
some of those dedicated to Minerva, which had1°^ l * le Eoric, Corinthian, and Ionic orders. Wherevere stood, if the situation of the place would permit, itf tcei v Con trived, that the windows, on being opened, might
'lie* the rays of the rising sun. The front was towards"the,, St> aid the altars and statues were placed towards the\j f fi en d> that the worshippers, on entering, might havel h* ng a ° es towards them, it being a custom among the hea-'^pl e ° Wors l'ip with their faces towards the east. If the8 Were built by the side of a river, they were to look
towards the banks of it; if near the highway, they were tobe so ordered, that travellers might have a fair prospect ofthem, and pay their devotions to the god as they passed :those built in the country were generally surrounded withgroves. In the front of the temple was the porch, in which,according to Casaubon, was placed the holy water, in a vesselof stone or brass, with which all who were admitted to thesacrifices were sprinkled ; beyond this porch it was not law-ful for the profane or polluted to pass; this led into the bodyof the temple, where was the adytum, or sacred place, intowhich none entered but the priests. Belonging to each templethere was a vestry, which seems to have been a treasury bothfor the temple itself, and for such also as had a mind to securetheir wealth in it, as was done by Xenophon , who com-mitted his treasures to the custody of the priest of Diana,at Ephesus .
Temples are thus described by some of the ancients : first,the whole edifice; secondly, the altar on which the offeringswere made ; thirdly, the porch in which usually stood analtar, or an image ; and lastly, the place upon which theimage of the chief god was erected. This idol was originallyonly a rude stone; and Themistius tells us, that thus theyall continued till the time of Dtedalus, who first gave themfeet. In after-ages, when the art of graving and carving wasinvented, those rude lumps were changed into figures resem-bling living creatures, generally men. The material of thesestatues, among the Greeks, was generally wood ; and it hasbeen observed, that those trees which were sacred to any par-ticular deity, were thought most acceptable for his statues :thus, Jupiter ’s were made of oak ; Venus’s, of myrtle ; Mi-nerva’s, of olive ; Hercules’, of poplar, &c. Sometimes theywere the work of the lapidary, and consisted of common orof precious stones ; at other times of black stone, indicatingthe invisibility of the gods: marble and ivory were frequentlymade use of, sometimes clay and chalk; and, last of all, brass,silver, gold, and other metals. The place of the images wasin the middle of the temple, where they stood on pedestalsraised above the height of the altar, and enclosed with rails.
The most ordinary form given to temples was that of along square ; though sometimes they were of a circular form.Those which were of the former shape were generally twiceas long as broad, and their cella had generally, on the exte-rior, porticos, which adorned sometimes only the front fa9ade,sometimes both the front and back fatjade, and, at others,were carried all round the four sides. The enclosed part ofthe temple was called the naas domos selias, or cella. Thefront portico was termed frons, pronaos, prodomos, anticum:the back part, when it had an entrance and portico, wastermed posticum and opisthodomus. Above the entablatureof the two columns of the two facades was the tympanum,or aetos.
The fa9ades of temples had always an even number ofcolumns, either four, six, eight, or ten ; and from these num-bers they received the names of tetrastyle, hexastyle, octo-style, or decastyle. On the two sides the columns were gene-rally an odd number. The Grecian and Roman architects,however, were not agreed as to the disposition of the columnson the sides. When the fa9ade had six or eight columns, theGreeks placed on eacli side thirteen or seventeen. Examplesof this are seen in the small temple at Paestuin, in the tem-ples of Juno Lucinia, and c s Concord, at Agrigentum , inthat of Jupiter Nemaeus be : ween Argos and Corinth, in thatof Theseus, and the Parthenon at Athens , and in severalothers. The Romans, on the contrary, reckoned by theintercolumniations, and, according to Vitruvius , they gaveto eacli side twice the number of intercolumniations of thefa9ade, so that a temple, which had six or eight columns in