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Figure 1.—No. 1. The top of the king-post, with part ofthe principals, and a strap connecting the three members.
No. 2. The method of joining the king-post with the tie-beam, and of screwing it up.
No. 3. The edge of the king-post, and a section of the tie-beam.
Figure 2. — Another method of joining the principals,king-post, and tie-beams.
No. 1. Parts of the principal rafters and king-post securedtogether by a branched strap.
No. 2. The method of strapping the king-post and tie-beam.
No. 3. Parts of the king-post and tie-beam, showing thetoethod of wedging them.
Figure 3.—The method of forming a joggle, when thethick part at the bottom of the king-post is not sufficient forReceiving the shoulder of the struts at right angles to theirdirections.
Figure 4.—A similar method, with a little variation.
. Figure 5. —No. 1. Another method of joining the prin-Cl pals and king-posts by means of an iron dovetail, which isre ceived into a mortise in the head of each principal.
, No. 2. View from the top of the principals, showing thebead of the wedge.
Figure 6.—Method of securing the tie-beam and principals^hen the king-post is made of an iron rod.
No. 1. The principals, with a part of the iron king-rod,an d the hanging up of the tie-beam.
, No. 2. The struts fixed to the iron king-rod, and thebanging up of the tie-beam.
Truss. Partition, a partition with a truss consisting gene-tolly of a quadrangular frame, two braces, and two queen-P°sts, with a straining-piece between the queen-posts, oppositebe top of the braces.
TRUSS POSTS. Nee Truss.
t trussed beam, trussed girders, or gird-
NG BEAMS. See Girders.
. TRUSSED-RAFTER-ROOF, a roof which has no prin-®*Pal trusses, but which is composed entirely of trussed rafters.® Uc h roofs are not uncommon in churches of the 12th or 13thCe nturies ; they have a very pleasing perspective effect.
TRUSSELS, or TRESSELS, (from the French tresteau ,)P r °ps for the support of anything, the under surface of which8 horizontal ; each trussel consists of three or four legs,attached to a horizontal part. "When the trussels are high, |^ . legs are sometimes braced. Trussels are much used in. gilding for the support of scaffolding, and by carpenters and***** for ripping and cross-cutting timber, and for manytoer purposes.
; TRUSSING PIECES, those timbers in a roof that area state of compression.
a TRY, (from the French trier, to bring to a test,) to planeUece of stuff by the rule and square only.r TUBE, (from the Latin tubus, a pipe,) a substance perfo-e d longitudinally, generally quite through.
TUBULAR BRIDGE. See Iron Bridge.— One of the°st remarkable structures of the bridge description was_J*sctcd across the Tamar at Saltash, Cornwall , for the^rnwall railway, by the late Mr. Brunei . It comprises atospension and tubular iron bridge,—in the construction ofbich 2,650 tons of wrought, and 1,200 tons of cast iron,'.000 cubic yards of masonry and brickwork, and 14,000ic feet of timber, have been employed. The total lengthfr This magnificent structure is 2,240 feet; its greatest height,V® 1 foundation to summit, 260 feet; and its width 30 feet,^.be centre pier is supported by four iron columns, 100 feet'Sh, and 10 feet in diameter. The road for the railway isv °k. ii. 6 O
carried upon wrought-iron arched tubes, elliptical in form,12 feet high, by 17 feet wide, with two double sets of tensionchains attached to each end. The structure greatly exceedsthe famed Britannia Bridge, described under the head IronBridges.
TUDOR ARCHITECTURE, considered in a generalsense, is that style of architecture which prevailed during theTudor dynasty; but authors do not agree as to the preciselimitation of the term. Some apply it to the buildings of thelate Perpendicular style, also designated as Florid. Gothic ;which include ecclesiastical as well as domestic and civil struc-tures ; Henry VII.’s chapel, in Westminster Abbey , forming acharacteristic example. This application, however strictlycorrect as to chronology, is not so as to systematic arrangement.—Other writers would divide the style thus denominatedi'_to two divisions, Early and Late Tudor, the former termincluding the buildings just alluded to, and the latter beingapplied to those into which Italian details are introduced,and which are otherwise distinguished as Elizabethan. Thisplan we shall now adopt to a certain extent, excluding, how-ever, the ecclesiastical buildings, which we include under thePerpendicular style, and conceding the term Tudor entirelyto buildings of a domestic character. This arrangement, wemust confess, is not without its objections ; and we areinclined to think that the distinction between the first andsecond class of buildings is sufficiently great to entitle themto distinct designations, and, therefore, that the title of Eliza-bethan may be appropriately applied to the latter, to markout a peculiar and separate style. We shall have before us,then, for consideration, the Early Tudor, and the Elizabethanor Late Tudor, styles.
The reign of Henry VII . introduced a new mode of liv-ing, and with it a new style of domestic architecture. Withhis marriage, the feuds between the houses of York andLancaster came to an end, and a long season of internal peaceseemed about to follow the troublous times of the precedingmonarchs. Previous to this period, domestic architecturecan scaroely be said to have had any existence ; the man-sions that had been erected were rather military than domes-tic, more like fortresses than dwellings. Now, however,with a prospect of peaceful times before them, men began tolook for convenience rather than strength in their privatemansions, and elegance began to be preferred to security.The halls of this and the following reign contained little ofthe fortified character of their predecessors beyond the battle-ments with which the walls were surmounted, and these,indeed, appear to have been preserved more for ornamentthan use : the thickness of the walls was reduced, the sizeof the windows enlarged, and the other arrangements influ-enced by the requirements for comfort and convenience ratherthan of security.
We know little of Henry VII. ’s buildings of this class ; ofthe palace erected by him at Shene or Richmond, not a ves-tige now remains, but some particulars concerning it aregiven in the Survey of 1649, when it was offered for sale bythe Commissioners of Parliament . It abounded with bay-windows of capricious design, with rectangular and semi-circular projections : and was adorned with many octagonaltowers, surmounted with bulbous cupolas of the same plan,having their angles enriched with crockets.
Henry VIII . was not only a great builder himself, butencouraged his nobles to follow his example; so that therewas no lack of examples in his reign. Henry , himself, issaid to have built or repaired the following mansions :—-
Hemsdon, Herts, originally built by Sir John Oldhall,temp. Edward IV .