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York Place, Whitehall, Westminster .
Bridewell and Blackfriars, London , for the reception ofthe emperor Charles Y.
Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire , the jointure of the divorcedQueen Catherine of Arragon,
Sheriff Hutton, Yorkshire , given for the residence ofHenry , Duke of Richmond, the king’s natural son.
When the monarch set himself so vigorously to work inbuilding and repairing, it is no matter of surprise to see hiscourtiers following in the same steps; and, accordingly, wefind that many and sumptuous were the mansions erected bythem. Foremost in such works stands Wolsey , amongstwhose principal buildings may be enumerated HamptonCourt Palace ; York House, afterwards Whitehall ; his epis-copal residence at Esher, Surrey; the college of Christchurch ,Oxford, and another at Ipswich. Edward Stafford , Duke ofBuckingham, erected a magnificent palace at Thornbury,Gloucestershire ; Charles Brandon , Duke of Suffolk, one atGrimsthorpe, Lincolnshire ; the Duke of Norfolk, and hisson, the Earl of Surrey, those of Kenninghall, Norfolk , andMount Surrey, near Norwich . Amongst others may be'mentioned Haddon Hall, Derbyshire ; Coudray, Sussex,destroyed by fire in 1793; Hever Castle, Kent; GosfieldHall, Essex , perfect; Hengreave Hall, Suffolk, perfect ;Layer Marney, Essex, now in ruins ; Raglan Castle, Mon-mouthshire, in ruins; Hunsdon House, Herts , rebuilt ;South Wingfield, Derbyshire, dilapidated; Hill Hall, Essex ;Wolterton, East Barsham, Norfolk , in ruins.
The plan of the larger mansions of this period was quad-rangular, comprising an inner and base court, between whichstood the gate-house. On the side of the inner court, facingthe entrance, the principal apartments were placed, amongstwhich may be enumerated the hall, the chapel, the greatchamber and dining-room, and were connected with a galleryfor amusements running the whole length of another of thesides of the quadrangle. Several examples of this descriptionare to be found, of which Hannaker House, near Midhurst,Sussex, will give us a good idea ; this mansion was builtround a court, with the entrance under an embattled gate-house, flanked by small octagonal towers on the south; asquare tower stood at the south-east angle ; the chapel andother apartments on the east, and the hall and principal roomson the north. In mansions of less pretensions, the gate-houseStood in advance of the building, connected with it only bymantle walls, as at East Barsham, Norfolk .
The materials of which such buildings were constructedwere either brick or stone, and sometimes both combined,the main building being of brick and the dressings of free-stone ; this practice was very common. Bricks of twocolours, usually black and red, and sometimes highly glazed,were employed to variegate the surface, the darker-colouredbricks being disposed in the form of lozenges and otherfigures ; and in some instances the brick-work was renderedin ornamental plaster, as at Nonsuch. Moulded brick-workand terra-cotta were also employed for decorative purposes ;medallions, or busts of terra-cotta were frequently insertedin small circular and other-shaped cavities in the walls, andheraldic devices, cognizances, &c. were dispersed in variousparts of the building.
The details and style of ornament adopted in those housesare, for the most part, the same as those to be found in eccle-siastical buildings of the same period, the principal differenceconsisting in the different composition and arrangement of
the various parts. Amongst the more striking pecuha ^may be reckoned the gate-houses, the numerous tune ^chimneys, the beautiful bay and oriel windows, theceilings, and panelled wainscot round the internal wat '^ eseThe gate-houses were very prominent features m .buildings, of lofty elevation, containing several a P. tothey seem to have received a great deal of attention ^design, &c., and were more beautifully ornamente ^
almost any other part of the building. They were er<J
placed in the centre of one of the sides of the court, an ^usually embattled, and flanked by more lofty turrets ^angles. Stair -case turrets, rising above the general f0tion, served to relieve the general outline, and of thesewere frequently several in the angles and other parts gJJcourt as occasion demanded; the gables, also, wereflanked with turrets. Grouping well with these tu rr ® 3 ’ rgheavy masses of chimneys stood out in bold relief, angreat character to the elevation. Previous to thischimneys had been rarely used, and, when employ® 0 ’..been made of secondary importance in the general ^utbut now they not only began to be extensively use >formed very prominent objects in the elevation ; a ^ a „yceived, probably, as much attention in the design . ng)other part of the edifice. They were of lofty proper ^circular or octagonal in plan, and usually clusteredin groups of two, four, or more. The shafts were orna ^ t j l6with various devices, as roses, fleur-de-lis, &c., mould® -ting 3 'surface ; at other times they were carved with, spiral ofand ornamented in an infinite variety of ways ; the .^ 0e d,caps, as they may be called, were richly moulded, and, ^ t jjethe inventive powers seem to have been exhauste ^ 0 fmultitude of designs for the enrichment of this me c ter*the edifice. The projecting windows form a very c jjj c liistic feature of the style : they are of two kinds, th° se ^ rn]e drise immediately from the level of the ground being ^bays ; and those which project out in the upper par ^ e j 0 w,building, being corbelled out so as to overhang t ia onare termed oriels. Both kinds of windows are ® e 0 f 9plans of various figures, but more especially upon t g olD e'rectangular, semi-octagonal, or semi-circular plan. t i ie rs
' ' floor, while at i3
times they are restricted to a single _
they are carried up through several. The bay-wm ^pervery common in large halls, where it is found att g w®end forming a recess at the side of the dais ; som® ‘ we refind a bay on either side of the dais; such windo ^ r geusually loftier than the others, being carried from a 0 g a r®feet from the ground to the ceiling. Oriel win ^ tb®principally confined to the buildings of Henry on
early part of Henry VIII. ’s reign, but bays were cothe reign of Elizabeth. tim^ er *
Many of the great halls of this period had °P eI1 ( .[ ie y ar®roofs, of bold construction and beautiful design ■- poof-mostly what are termed hammer-beam roofs- ^r 0 ls®?'
The most remarkable are those erected by Cardin.at Hampton Court Palace , and at Christ Chuic J , t0 fieboth of which are 40 feet in width : many ot *‘ er f jge, 911 eseen in the halls of colleges at Oxford and Caiin the inns of court in London . The ceilings w etimber, divided into compartments by thethe floor above, and sometimes into smaller oomp ^p eI . e dthe joists, the timbers being either moulded or c nC eal e ° ,the edge. Sometimes the flooring-timbers are o copanels with ribs of oak, which divide the sui a^ the r ‘partments of various forms, the ground l> et ' gCt ioH 9 of
being either of wood or plaster. At the interribs, bosses of foliage and devices in wood orfrequently introduced.
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