TUS

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T YP

| j diameter; the base and capital each one module in height.1 ! He decides no height for the architrave or cornice, omits the1 frieze, but places mutules over the architrave, which are toproject one-fourth of the total height of the column, includ-1 : ing base and capital. He does not provide a pedestal.

! j Palladio makes the total height of the order nine diameters1 ! and three-quarters, of which he gives six to the column ;

I , the height of base and capital each measuring half a diameter;i he provides no pedestal, but places the base on a plinth■ whose height is equal to one diameter.

1 Serlio makes the height of the architrave half a diameter,

and gives an equal height to the frieze and cornice. Hispedestal consists of a plinth and base, a die and cymatium,the whole being a third of the height of the column.

Scamozzi assigns as the height of the entablature one-fourth of the total height of the column, less half a diameter ;and makes his pedestal of the same height. He also placesa sort of triglyph in the frieze.

Plate 1.—The entablature, capital, and base of the Tusorder finished. . u3

Plate 2. — Outline, with the measures of the varlmembers. ,j er

TUSK, (from the Saxon tysos , a fang,) a bevel shou ^made above a tenon, and let into a girder to strengthentenon. re .

TYMPAN, (from rvyrravov, a timbrel,') the hollow ^cessed part of a pediment, being either a plane triang > ^filled with ornaments of sculpture raised from the P lathe triangle. yer y

Though the pediments of the ancient Greeks were j

low, they were long enough to admit of the most bea ^

sculpture ; as that of the Temple of Minerva at Athens,deposited in the British Museum . g j 0 f

Tympan also signifies the die of a pedestal, or the p ana door,

TYPE, the canopy over a pulpit.

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URB

U.

URN

UMBER, a fossil brown substance, used by painters,which grinds freely, and bears a good body. When burnt,it furnishes the most natural imitation of gold : with a mix-ture of white, it resembles the colour of new open wainscot.It dries quickly, witli a considerable gloss. It has its namefrom the ancient province of Umbria in Italy , whence it wasoriginally obtained; but is also found in Germany, Spain ,Egypt, Cyprus, and other parts of the Turkish dominions,from which last what is brought into England mostly comes.Dr. Hill and Mr. De Costa consider it as an earth of theochre kind, which might be found in considerable quantitiesin England and Ireland , if properly looked after ; severallarge masses of it having been thrown up in digging on theMendip hills, Somersetshire , as well as in the county ofWexford, Ireland . It is also met with occasionally in theveins of lead-ore in Derbyshire and Flintshire.

UNDECAGON, (Greek tvSem, eleven, and yoivia, anangle,) a figure of eleven sides.

UNDERCROFT, a crypt, or subterranean apartment.

UNDER-PINNING, the act of bringing a wall up to theground-sill, or sometimes that part of the wall itself. Thetemporary support of a wall whose foundations are defective,or the formation of new foundations.

UNGULA, of a cylinder, or cone, a part of the solidcomprehended by part of the curved surface, the segment ofa circle, which is part of the base, and another plane.

UNIVERSITY, (from the Latin unus, one, and vertoversus, to turn,) a collection of colleges for teaching thevarious branches of knowledge. In an architectural point ofview, the term is applicable to the houses, or edifices, inwhich the classes are held.

UPHERS, fir poles, from 4 to 7 inches in diameter, andfrom 20 to 40 feet in length ; they are frequently hewn onthe sides, so as not to reduce the wane entirely. They areof great use in scaffolding and ladders; and are also employedin slight roofs, where they are slit.

UPRIGHT, the elevation of a building. The term israrely used, elevation being more commonly employed.

URBIN, or UIIBINO, a name frequently given to thatmost sublime and excellent painter. Raphael Sanzio , fromthe place of his birth. He was the son of an indifferentpainter, named Sanzio , and was born on Good Friday, 1482.He was employed by the popes Julian II. and Leo X. , who

loaded him with wealth and honours; and the cardinaSt. Bibiana held him in such high estimation that he o ^him his niece in marriage : but he declined this honour, ^an expectation he entertained, founded upon the prom ^Leo X., of being made a cardinal himself. His picturesto be found principally in Italy and Paris . ^ iat , °r St.Transfiguration, preserved at Rome , in the church °^ sonPeter Monterio, is reckoned his master-piece. His P jwas handsome, and his manners were polite, anam?’ smodest, though he lived in the utmost splendour. I ^ eg tnot only the best painter in the world, but perhaps t _>e ^architect too ; on which account he was employed by t

in building St. Peter s church at Rome . This enga a ojaprevented his acceptance of an invitation into France ^ teFrancis I. , for whom he had painted a St. Michael tf,, nal . c hHoly Family, and had been remunerated by that tc> ^ t0with sums so far beyond his expectation, that he reso gUI „show his gratitude by a performance, in which he evpassed himself : this was the Transfiguration above ato, intended as a present to Francis ; but he died bepicture was quite finished, and it was detained atHis death happened on his birth-day, 1520, when f 0 rcompleted his 38th year ; the consequence of his P aS . ,- in s.the fair sex, and the injudicious treatment of hi 9 P % eve d 9His celebrated Cartoons, for which Louis XV. 0 forhundred thousand pounds, were purchased by K u g9 jvelyCharles I. and brought to England, and have succ j oUS g,graced the palaces of Hampton Court , Buckingham ^ j, e -and Windsor Castle . A considerable jealousy eX ' e tim eStween this artist and Michael Angelo , which m eit her ’manifested itself in a manner not very creditable ^ e*'Raphael frequently exercised himself in sculpture, . Acelled as much in it as in painting and architecJonas, of the size of life, which is deemed his ^ p o p 0 l 0 , atin this line, is shown in the chapel of Madonna de

Rome, the cupola of which he also painted. fro* 0

Urbin is also a name sometimes given to Brama^ j3rA"his having been born in the province of Urbmo.

MANTE. . i a r for#’

URN, (from the Latin urna,) a vase of a cir ° r t j,e l*k e ‘used as a terminating ornament upon an acroter, ef j-g e eS 0Urns were not much employed in the celebra eantiquitv.