EAR
Ts - ''ADDISH, or Eddijh, roughings,, or grafs grow-|H ing among the stubble, after the corn: is cut.
' EARING, or Aring, ploughing, tilling, cul-tivating.
EARNING, cheese-rennet.
EARTH, the ground, consisting of difFertinfcmodifi-cations of terrene matter.
The earth, which generally presents'itself 1 first to theeye, is no particular kind of foil, but, usually, a mix-ture of the foil underneath, with every adventitious sub-stance, either purposely brought to, or accidentallylodged upon it. From these causes, this superficial earth,commonly called mould, grows and increases yearly indepth ; oftentimes to such a degree, as to form evenconsiderable eminences, especially where there has beena fall of woods and trees, such as birch and beech,which, not being of a constitution to remain long in theground without rotting, as fir, oak, elm, and someother timber will do, are pretty soon reduced into mouldas soft and tender as.that in which they were sowner planted.
This furface-earth, and also the natural under-turfearth, to the depth of about a foot, is generally the bestand sweetest, being enriched with ail that the air, dews,showers, and celestial influences can contribute thereto :for that earth is best, and it is the fame with water,which is most exposed to the influences of the fun andair. The fatness of the under-turf earth, drawn up tothe fuiface by the kindly warmth of the fun, spends butlittle of its vigour in the grafs and tender verdure whichit produces, provided no rank weeds be permitted togrow and perfect their feeds; but maintain its naturalforce, and is therefore, of all uncultivated moulds, themost grateful to the husbandman.
As the rest of the subjacent earths approach this invirtue, so are they to be valued. Of these there are se-veral kinds, distinguishable by their several constitutions.The best of them is black, fat, and at the fame timeporous, light, and sufficiently tenacious, without anymixture of sand. It rises in pretty large pieces, and fallsinto dust, of its own accord, after a short exposure tothe air; but without crumbling altogether intodyst, whichis the defect of a less perfect sort.
This excellent black mould is sit for almost any thing,without much manure. The farmer is not always sohappy as to meet with it: or if there be a small depth ofit, other less fertile soils lie underneath, such as clay,gravel, sand, &c. which require different treatment, ac-cording to their various qualities. These soils often ap-pear on the surface; and may be said to be almost barren,
ELM
'till 1 brought by art to answer the purposes of the hus-bandman. In clays and stiff foils, the component par-ticles have too close an adhesion to admit the roots ofplants with the ease requisite for them properly to seektheir food: and, on the other hand, sand, and soils ofL light nature, are too loose to give the proper stabilityto plants, or to retain the mixture necessary to conveytheir nourishment into them. It will therefore be right,first, to shew how these extremes may most properly becorrected, and then point out the means of keeping thesuperficial mould in constant heart, to use the language offarmers.
EARTH-BOARD, that part of a plough which turnsover the earth. See the article Pi-ough.
EAVES, the edges of the roof that over-hang thewalls of a building.
EDDER, the small shoots of ash, hazle, oak, &c.used for binding the tops of hedges.
EDDISH, the fame with caddish. See Eaddish.
EDGE, the extremely of a border.
EDGE-GROWN, come up uneven, not ripening alltogether.
EDIFICE, a fabric, a building.
EFT, a newt, or ever.
ELBOW, a name given by horsemen to the hind-parCof the fore-leg, pointing towards the brisket.
ELDER, fuel for fire.
ELDER, the udder.
Elder, is also the name of a well-known tree, andis often used in making fences, which may be done bytaking elder-slicks, or truncheons, ten or twelve feetlong, and sticking them in the bank sloping both ways,so as to form a kind of chequer work. By this meansa fence may be sooner raised than by any other, as theelder is a very quick grower. The wood, when large,is very useful for turners and mathematical instrument-makers, being nearly equal to the best box, and formany uses sorpaffig it. Mortimer's Husbandry, vol. I-page 7.
ELM, the name of a tree too well-known to needany description, being common in almost every part ofEngland.
Elms are very proper to be planted in hedge-rows,upon the borders of fields, where they will thrive muchbetter than when planted in a wood, or close plantation,nor will their shade be very injurious to whatever growsunder them ; but when these trees are transplanted outupon banks after this manner, the banks should bewell wrought and cleared from all other roots, otherwisethe plants, being taken from a better soil, will not make
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