CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Necessary preparation of the land, and
the advantages of it . 120
Proper season of planting . . ibid.
'What necessary to attend to in choosing
the plants . . . 121
In raising them in the nursery . . 122
Most advantageous size of . . ibid.
Those of equal growth should be planted
together . . . 123
The trimming requisite for them . . ibid.
Methods of planting hedges . . ibid.
Vary much in different districts . ■. ibid.
On ditch banks . . . ibid.
On sod turned up . . . ibid.
On the plain surface . . ibid.
Different ways of making them . .124
Advantages and disadvantages of each
mode . . . . 125
Methods recommended by Mr. Middleton . ibid.
Utility of them . . . ibid.
What necessary in planting on banks . . 126
Disadvantage of large banks and ditches . ibid.
Where most useful . . . ibid.
Planting on the surface without banks . ibid.
PAGE.
Where proper . Z . 107
Means of sheltering young hedges . . ibid.
Circumstances that prevent quick hedges
from succeeding . . .129
Disadvantages of trees in hedge-rows . . 13U
Modes of managing young live hedges ; ibid.Comparison of with walls . .135
Management of old hedges . . ibid.
On different situations . . ibid.
Directions for raising hedges on land ex-posed to sea-air . : 140
DITCHES . . . .142
W'hat necessary in the making of them . ibid.GATES . . . 143
Various modes of construction of . ibid.
Kinds of wood most useful for . . ibid.
W'hat necessary to be attended to in . . 145
STILES . . . ibid.
Various methods of making them . ibid.
Observations on fences in general . ibid.
On the means of making, managing, and
preserving them . . 146
SECTION V.CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS .
PAGE.
HOADS . . . 148
Advantages of, various . . . ibid.
Circumstances to be attended to in the di-rection of . . ibid.
Different forms of, considered : the con-vex ; the concave; the varieties offlat forms . . . 149
No particular form suitable perhaps for all
situations . . . 150
Various circumstances in regard to forms
stated . . . ibid.
Some objections to the convex form . 151Probably not well founded . .152
Concave form found advantageous in
Peculiarities in the flat forms, described ibid.Objects generally aimed at in all . . 154
Beatson s theory of roads . . ibid.
Eorm of the basis or bottom, of much im-portance . . .155
Application of certain principles in con-struction of . . . ibid.
Different circumstances to be attended
to in . . . 156
Various advantages of such construction
described . . . 157
Manner of forming the drains in . . ibid.
PAGE.
Where made on this plan, roads need
not be so wide . . 158.
Much land may consequently be saved . ibid.
The quantity of estimated . . ibid.
Different soils require a difference in the
construction of roads ’. . ibid.
Methods of making thc-m in sandy . ibid.
In clayey . . .159
In boggy soils . . . 160
On the sides of hills . . l6l
Should be kept from having water running
on them in every construction . . l62
Modes of constructing iron or railed roads ibid.Advantages of . . 163
W'here most useful . . . ibid.
Repairing Roads . . . ibid.
Communication on parochial roads . . 166
Defects of . . ibid.
Means of improving them . . 167
Wheels of particular forms injurious to
roads . . . 16S
Different effects of the conical and cylindrical ibid.
Latter most advantageous . . ibid.
Cummings's estimate of the difference in
the effects of . . .169
Forms of roads that are the least affected
by wheels in general . .173